Volume 1 - Issue 4, November - December 2025

Sustainable logistics practices are intended to support economic growth; however, they can also contribute significantly to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly carbon dioxide (CO₂), which is closely associated with global warming and climate change. This review assesses CO₂ emissions resulting from sustainable logistics practices in both developed and developing countries. Between 1950 and 1990, global CO₂ emissions totaled approximately 6 billion tonnes, with a continuous upward trend in subsequent decades. Between 2021 and 2023, estimated CO₂ emissions from logistics activities reached 72,027.96 million tonnes globally, of which 60% originated from developed countries and 40% from developing countries. During the same period, developed countries accounted for 76% of global gross domestic product (GDP), while developing countries contributed 24%. These figures suggest that developed countries implement more advanced, but also more carbon-intensive logistics systems. Conversely, developing countries show lower adherence to international agreements on CO₂ reduction, possibly due to limited access to low-emission technologies. It is recommended that both developed and developing nations strengthen their efforts to reduce CO₂ emissions e.g. by adopting cleaner, renewable energy sources in logistics operations.